The twelve essays in "Wars within a War" explore the internal stresses that posed serious challenges to the viability of the opposing sides in the Civil War as well as some of the ways in which wartime disputes and cultural fissures carried over into the postwar years and beyond.

Comprised of contributions from leading scholars, this volume extends the discussion of controversies far past the death of the Confederacy in the spring of 1865. Contributors address, among other topics, Walt Whitman's poetry, the handling of the Union and Confederate dead, the treatment of disabled and destitute northern veterans, Ulysses S. Grant's imposing tomb, and Hollywood's long relationship with the Lost Cause narrative.

Reflecting a variety of approaches and methodologies, these essays provide a starting point for anyone interested in how Americans have argued about the prosecution, meaning, and memory of the war.

Contributors:
William Blair, The Pennsylvania State University
Stephen Cushman, University of Virginia
Drew Gilpin Faust, Harvard University
Gary W. Gallagher, University of Virginia
J. Matthew Gallman, University of Florida
Joseph T. Glatthaar, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Harold Holzer, Metropolitan Museum of Art
James Marten, Marquette University
Stephanie McCurry, University of Pennsylvania
James M. McPherson, Princeton University
Carol Reardon, The Pennsylvania State University
Joan Waugh, University of California, Los Angeles

If the poor are always with us, how we have perceived and treated them has changed like the seasons. Such was the massive and pitiless industrialization of the nation after the Civil War that Josephine Shaw Lowell (1843-1905) recoiled and sought a new way to approach poverty. She rationalized charity toward hapless families and children in ways that established social responsibility for the welfare of the poor. This introduction of "scientific" methods in social work bridged two great eras of social reform, creating a civic maternalism only denied in law in 1996.

A Brahmin, member of an illustrious family, sister of the martyred Robert Gould Shaw, who led his proud black troops against Fort Wagner, and, later, a war widow, Lowell constantly responded to changing ideological and economic conditions affecting the poor. From an emphasis on the regeneration of the individual, she soon showed an appreciation of the importance of social conditions.

This book challenges all previous interpretations of Lowell as a "genteel" reformer mostly interested in social control of the underclass. Rather, her aim was to cure pauperism, and her strategies eventually led her to support higher wages and full employment.

At the time of his death, Ulysses S. Grant was the most famous person in America, considered by most citizens to be equal in stature to George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Yet today his monuments are rarely visited, his military reputation is overshadowed by that of Robert E. Lee, and his presidency is permanently mired at the bottom of historical rankings. In an insightful blend of biography and cultural history, Joan Waugh traces Grant's shifting national and international reputation, illuminating the role of memory in our understanding of American history. Using a wide range of written and visual sources--newspaper articles, private and public reminiscences, photographs, paintings, cartoons, poetry, and much more--Waugh reveals how Grant became the embodiment of the American nation in the decades after the Civil War. She does not paper over Grant's image as a scandal-ridden contributor to the worst excesses of the Gilded Age. Instead, she captures a sense of what led nineteenth-century Americans to overlook Grant's obvious faults and hold him up as a critically important symbol of national reconciliation and unity. Waugh further shows that Grant's reputation and place in public memory closely parallel the rise and fall of the northern version of the Civil War story--in which the United States was the clear, morally superior victor and Grant was the symbol of that victory. By the 1880s, Waugh shows, after the failure of Reconstruction, the dominant Union myths about the war gave way to a southern version that emphasized a more sentimental remembrance of the honor and courage of both sides and ennobled the ""Lost Cause."" During this social transformation, Grant's public image changed as well. By the 1920s, his reputation had plummeted. Most Americans today are unaware of how revered Grant was in his lifetime. Joan Waugh uncovers the reasons behind the rise and fall of his renown, underscoring as well the fluctuating memory of the Civil War itself. |At the time of his death, Ulysses S. Grant was the most famous person in America, considered by most citizens to be equal in stature to George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Yet today his monuments are rarely visited, his military reputation is overshadowed by that of Robert E. Lee, and his presidency is permanently mired at the bottom of historical rankings. In U. S. Grant, Joan Waugh investigates Grant's place in public memory and the reasons behind the rise and fall of his renown while simultaneously underscoring the fluctuating memory of the Civil War itself.

The Civil War retains a powerful hold on the American imagination, with each generation since 1865 reassessing its meaning and importance in American life. This volume collects twelve essays by leading Civil War scholars who demonstrate how the meanings of the Civil War have changed over time. The essays move among a variety of cultural and political arenas - from public monuments to political campaigns to children's literature - in order to reveal important changes in how the memory of the Civil War has been employed in American life. Setting the politics of Civil War memory within a wide social and cultural landscape, this volume recovers not only the meanings of the war in various eras, but also the specific processes by which those meanings have been created. By recounting the battles over the memory of the war during the last 140 years, the contributors offer important insights about our identities as individuals and as a nation.

First published in 1907 by Edward W. Emerson (son of Ralph Waldo Emerson) The Letters of Charles Russell Lowell collect the correspondence of the nephew of poet and abolitionist leader James Russell Lowell. A native Bostonian, Charles Russell Lowell entered into military service a fervent abolitionist and met combat with near-reckless zeal until his death in battle at Cedar Creek, Virginia, in October of 1864. First in the Harvard class of 1854, Lowell served on General George B. McClellan's staff in 1862, fought John S. Mosby's Confederate guerrillas in 1863 and '64, and participated in the 1864 Shenandoah Valley campaign as cavalry brigade commander. Lowell was married to Josephine Shaw, sister of 54th Massachusetts Colored Troops commander Robert Gould Shaw, and a was frequent correspondent with Thomas W. Higginson. His letters begin in 1852 and reveal the values and convictions of these and others of Boston's elite. United by education, familial connections, and likeminded concepts of social justice, Lowell and his circle of friends enlisted to further an ideal. His letters are distinctive, well-articulated, and eminently literate, effectively capturing military campaigns as well as the moral motivations that lead Northern idealists like Lowell into harm's way for an impassioned cause.